Valves

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.

The simplest structure of valve and its components are shown in diagram

 

Valves may also be classified by how they are actuated:

• Hydraulic
• Pneumatic
• Manual
• Solenoid
• Motor

Regular examples of Valves are follows:

1. Ball Valve

2. Gate valve

3. Check valve (NRV)

4. Butterfly  Valve

5. Globe Valve

6. Knife Gate Valve

7. Needle Valve

8. Foot Valve

9. Diaphragm Valve

10. Solenoid Valve

 

The Symbol for valves used in line diagram are as follows

 

ISI Mark

ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India. The mark certifies that a product conforms to the Indian Standard,mentioned as IS:xxxx on top of the mark, developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national standards body of India. The ISI mark is by far the most recognized certification mark in the Indian subcontinent. The name ISI is an abbreviation of Indian Standards Institute, the former name of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The ISI mark is mandatory for certain products to be sold in India, like many of the electrical appliances viz; switches, electric motors, wiring cables, heaters, kitchen appliances etc., and other products like portland cement, LPG valves, LPG cylinders, automotive tyres etc. But in the case of most other products it is voluntary

Standards

Any norm, convention, requirement or regulation decided as valid and fundamental in respective field are called standards.

In essence, a standard is an agreed way of doing something. It could be about making a product, managing a process, delivering a service or supplying materials – standards can cover a huge range of activities undertaken by organizations and used by their customers.

A standards organization, standards body, standards developing organization (SDO), or standards setting organization (SSO) is any organization whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise producing technical standards that are intended to address the needs of some relatively wide base of affected adopters.

Specification may refer to an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.
In engineering, manufacturing, and business, it is vital for suppliers, purchasers, and users of materials, products, or services to understand and agree upon all requirements. A specification is a type of a standard which is often referenced by a contract or procurement document. It provides the necessary details about the specific requirements.
Specifications may be written by government agencies, standards organizations (ASTM, ISO, CEN, DoD, etc.), trade associations, corporations, and others.

Some Abbreviations of standards are as follows

1. ISO: International organization for Standards
2. ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
3. BSI: British Standard Incorporation
4. ISI: Indian Standards Institution
5. BIS: Bureau of Indian Standard
6. DIN: Deutsches Institution for Normum (German Institute for Standardization)
7. ANSI: American National Standards Institute

more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organisations

Supply Chain Management : Defination

Supply Chain: My definition of supply chain can be briefly explained as follows

• Supply chain is simply the multi-staged bidirectional movement of various entities from a resource to consumer.
• The resource-consumer at different stages are different like supplier-manufacturer, manufacturer-distributer, distributor-end user, factory-warehouse etc.
• The entities includes
• physical material (Raw material, WIP, Finished goods, defective goods, waste material, tools and equipment, packaging material etc.)
• Financial aids like material cost, credit, payments, ownership
• Information like schedules, delivery status, material tracking etc.
• Transportation and Logistic, production / assembly lines (material movement related entities)

Thus Supply Chain Management (SCM) Can be defined as Managing the magnitude (quantity) and direction of various entities involved throughout the supply chain, in order to achieve optimum cost efficiency and maximum customer satisfaction.

Structural Steel

Steel profiles shaped into various sections and generally used in constructions. The common shapes are as follows

1.  I section (Beam)
2.  C section (Channel)
3.  L section (Angle)
4.  T section (Tee)
5.  Square/Rectangular section (Bar)
6.  Round/Circular section (Rod)
7.  Plate
 In addition to this there are some more shapes like Hollow Structural Section (HSS), Joist, Hexagonal Section, Half Round, Oval or Elliptical, Champfer, Z-section, Asymmetrical I Section etc.

They are normally alloys of Mild Carbon Steels with Specific gravity 7.861 gm/m^3 
(density = mass / volume)